天文学家发现迄今为止最大星系 为银河系20倍
Abell 3827的星系团
特写图片
A代表更近的背景星系的“引力透镜”弧线,B代表更远的背景星 系的“引力透镜”弧线。
天文学家已经发现了一个正在膨胀的大型星系,这个星系可能会打破纪录成为近宇宙中最大 的星系。这个星系的确切质量还不十分清楚,但是可能是太阳质量的13万亿倍,是银河系质量的20倍。
位于智利的口径为8米的南双子座望远镜所拍摄到了一个名为Abell 3827的星系团,这是一个距离我们14亿光年的星系团,其中许许多多的星系都由它们之间的引力聚集在一起。这是一个十分丰富的星系团,像许多星系团一 样,其中心拥有一个超级大星系,这个大星系一般被称为中央主导星系,它往往比同一星系团中的其他星系要大好几倍。
对Abell 3827星系团而言,被称为ESO 146-IG 005的中央主导星系却完全超出了一般情况。银河系一般被认为是一个大星系,它的总质量可能是太阳质量的4000亿倍,但是146-IG星系要比银河系大 得多,而且正在向外膨胀。宇宙中,在这个距离内,这个星系比我们所能见到的其他任何星系都要大很多。你在上图的星系团中央看到的光亮部分还仅仅只是 146-IG星系自身,而它其实占据着星系团的整个中心部位。
那么我们如何知道这个星系的大小,同时它又是如何变得如此之大呢?
这个星系如何变得这么大可以从上图中星系自身的特写中清晰地看到。正如你所看到的那样,这个星系拥有多个核心。在这个比例尺下,可以看到两个标为S 的前景星,你可以忽略它们。其他五个有标记的物体都是星系的核心,这些核心对天文学家而言就是一个确切的证据,这个证据显示ESO 146-IG 005星系最近十分繁忙,它正在吞并其他稍小一些的星系。是的,它是一个吞并者。
这种吞并行为科学家们已经见过无数次了。银河系也处在吞并一些小星系的最后阶段,吞并过程基本上快完成了。吞并过程中小星系的核是最难“消化”的, 可以说:恒星都通过它们的引力牢牢地绑在星系的核上,所以更大的星系很难完全将它们吸引过去。吞并过程很耗费时间。146-IG星系显然是一次性吞并了大 量的小星系,这也就是为什么它如此巨大的原因。我们认为宇宙中最大型的星系,都是通过吞并其他星系达到现在这个规模的。
我们知道这个星系很大,但是问题是我们如何知道它到底有多大呢?
我们再来看看那张特写图片。看到图片左下方的弧形光线,那是一个 “引力透镜”,它显示出一个遥远星系发出的光被146-IG的引力扭曲了。当光线接近一个巨大物体时,光的路径会变弯,就像汽车在弯曲的车库道上行驶一 样。大多数介入其中的星系就像透镜一样发挥作用,所以“引力透镜”因此得名;同时经过的光线会发生各种各样离奇的效应。
光线扭曲多少取决于很多因素,包括透镜星系的质量,在这里就取决于146-IG星系的质量。在图中还有其他背景性的透镜星系,而天文学家正是通过它 们计算出了146-IG的质量。然而,也不是那么简单;将星系质量与其所在的星系团、其他气体以及位于星系团内部但可能又不属于中央星系的星系分离开是很 困难的。所以我们所得到的质量只能是估计值。
更糟糕的是,当天文学家使用另一种方法去估算星系质量时,却得到了一个很不一样的结果。星系团内部的气体绕着星系团旋转时会变热,同时会落到星系团 中央。热量的多少(可以通过查看极高温气体发出的X射线进行测量)取决于星系团的质量,而这个数据能够用于估计气体所在处有多少物质。天文学家发现“X射 线估算的质量”仅有“引力透镜”方法估算的质量的十分之一。这种情况能够发生,一定有很多原因:比如,用于气体估算的模型是球形的,同时也是光滑的,但是 气体可能不具有这两个特征。
不过无论使用哪种方法,ESO 146-IG 005仍然是附近宇宙中最大的星系,即便不是最大的星系,也是最大的星系之一。它比我们银河系要大很多,而且差距十分巨大。在我们银河系中,我们已经吞并 完了小星系,但是146-IG基本上可以说仍然还站在“厨房”里,冰箱的门还大开着。
值得庆幸的是,我们的银河系不在这个星系团附近,不然也会被它吞并了。确实,我们能够具有现在的规模也是通过吞并其他小星系,但是无节制地吞并小星 系的时代过去了,同时也幸好过去了,不然我们银河系也将无法幸免。吞并行为将使146-IG星系不再像现在一样平静与和平。
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