自然资源成十亿穷人救命稻草 灾难光明一线之间
中国网6月29日讯 据英国《新政客》杂志28日报道,英国石油公司在美国墨西哥湾造成的环境危机,赤裸裸地向人们展示了掠夺自然资源可能带来的伤害。但是如果善用这些自然资 源,全球十亿处于底层的穷人将因此受益。
虽然全球经济空前繁荣,但仍有10亿人口被甩在了发展的行列之外,沦为全球经济社会中最底层的10亿人,而这其中有70%居住在撒哈拉以南的非 洲国家,这些国家的经济长期陷入停顿或衰退,而且至今看不到改变的希望。这些人和这些国家对传统的经济发展模式提出了严峻的挑战,也构成了世界不稳定的因 素。 而在这些最贫穷的国度,拥有自然资源就是一笔巨额财富。比如阿富汗,美国通过航空探矿技术已经发现,这个国家至少隐藏着价值一万亿美元的矿产资源,如果利 用得当,这笔财富足够帮助阿富汗实现繁荣,不仅可以改善阿富汗的安全、教育以及基础设施,普通人也将过起大方的生活。
在未来十年内,丰富的自然资源将成为世界上最贫困国家及其10亿最底层民众的救命稻草。但这些国家需要妥善把握自然资源带来的巨大机遇的同时, 也要谨慎应对随之而来的风险。中亚和非洲的资源采伐将是最后的国界线,随着全球日用品价格攀升和新探矿技术的应用,隐藏穷国领土之下的自然资产将被陆续发 现。这是否将导致环境退化、暴力劫掠或者帮助穷国摆脱贫困,主要取决于这些社会做出的选择。因为开采自然资源不仅风险高,而且也很复杂,甚至将引发连锁反 应。
开采自然资源的链条将以如何出售资源开采权开始。这里涉及三个技术性问题,包括相关机构问题(普通公民不能真正控制他们的代表,政治家以及官员 会做出最后决定)、信息不对称(矿物公司了解采矿权的价值,并尽可能地隐藏真实收益)以及时间矛盾(政府作出可信承诺,但采矿公司不信任这些协议)。 这个链条的第二个环节是如何避免发生尼日尔三角洲的灾难,必须通过管制和追究法律责任将危险最小化。不可避免的环境灾难通常都是昂贵的,应该完全赔付。采 矿公司通常以享受自然资产所有权诱惑当地人,这是非常危险的。公平使用自然资产的方式应该是令所有社会受益,而不仅仅是当地人。对于所有从采矿中受益的公 民来说,政府必须对他们进行课税,但是当前的征税系统没有满足这个条件。比如赞比亚每年出口价值30亿美元的铜,但国家的税收收入仅为一亿美元。为此,自 然资产所在国家必须重新设计相关征税系统。
第三个环节是,如何利用这些收入。自然资源总有耗尽的一天,因此依赖采矿获得的收入不可能永久持续下去。更重要地是,我们要给子孙后代留下一些 自然资产。但我们也不是自然资产的最后监管人,那将让环境保护主义与结束全球贫困相矛盾。
最后一个环节是如何保证这些收入不被耗光,它们应该投资于国内经济,而不仅仅是换成外汇。
That’s the thkiinng of a creative mind
Articles like this are an example of quick, helpful asnewrs.
I every time emailed this website post page to all my friends,
for the reason that if like to read it after that my contacts will too.
I’m not that much of a internet reader to be honest but your sites really nice, keep
it up! I’ll go ahead and bookmark your website to come
back in the future. Many thanks
What’s up, its fastidious post on the topic
of media print, we all understand media is a wonderful source of facts.
Hi there, this weekend is fastidious in favor of me, for the reason that
this occasion i am reading this great educational paragraph here at my home.
I got this web page from my friend who shared with me on the topic of this site and now this time I
am browsing this web page and reading very informative articles at this place.
Thank you for another informative web site.
Where else could I am getting that type of information written in such a perfect way?
I have a venture that I’m just now running on, and I have been on the look out for such
information.
I am not sure where you are getting your information, but great topic.
I needs to spend some time learning more or understanding more.
Thanks for great info I was looking for this info for my mission.
Right here is the perfect webpage for anybody who wishes
to find out about this topic. You understand so much its almost tough to argue with you
(not that I really will need to…HaHa). You certainly put a brand new spin on a topic that’s been discussed for
a long time. Wonderful stuff, just great!
I absolutely love your blog and find a lot of your post’s to be exactly
what I’m looking for. Do you offer guest writers to
write content for you? I wouldn’t mind creating a post or elaborating on a few of the subjects you write related to here.
Again, awesome web log!
It’s truly very complicated in this busy life to listen news on Television, thus I simply use web for
that reason, and obtain the most recent information.
each time i used to read smaller content which also clear
their motive, and that is also happening with this piece of writing which I am reading now.
I’ve been surfing online more than three hours lately, yet
I never discovered any attention-grabbing article
like yours. It’s beautiful worth sufficient for me.
In my view, if all website owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the web will be a
lot more helpful than ever before.
We’re a group of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community.
Your site offered us with valuable info to work on. You’ve done a formidable
job and our whole community will be grateful to you.
It is the best time to make a few plans for the long run and it is time to be happy.
I’ve read this submit and if I could I desire to counsel you
some attention-grabbing issues or advice. Perhaps you could write subsequent articles regarding this article.
I desire to learn more issues about it!
This is the right site for anybody who wishes to find out about this topic.
You understand a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I really would want to…HaHa).
You definitely put a new spin on a topic which has been discussed for a long time.
Excellent stuff, just wonderful!
Its not my first time to pay a visit this web site, i am browsing this website dailly and take good
data from here every day.
My brother recommended I may like this website.
He was once totally right. This publish truly made my day.
You can not consider simply how a lot time I had spent for this info!
Thank you!
Can you tell us more about this? I’d care to find out more details.
Fantastic beat ! I would like to apprentice whilst you amend your web site, how could i subscribe for a blog site?
The account aided me a acceptable deal. I were a little bit familiar of this
your broadcast provided bright clear idea
Wow, amazing blog layout! How long have you been blogging for?
you made blogging look easy. The overall look of your website is wonderful, as well as the
content!
I am not sure where you are getting your info, but
great topic. I needs to spend some time learning more or
understanding more. Thanks for magnificent information I was
looking for this information for my mission.
Can I just say what a comfort to discover a person that actually knows what they’re discussing on the net.
You certainly know how to bring an issue to light and make it important.
A lot more people ought to look at this and understand this side
of your story. I was surprised that you are not more popular because you definitely possess the gift.
Hello would you mind sharing which blog platform you’re
working with? I’m planning to start my own blog in the near
future but I’m having a difficult time deciding between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal.
The reason I ask is because your design and style seems different
then most blogs and I’m looking for something completely unique.
P.S My apologies for getting off-topic but I had to
ask!
Way cool! Some very valid points! I appreciate you penning
this write-up and also the rest of the website is very good.
Please let me know if you’re looking for a article author for
your weblog. You have some really good articles and I believe I would be a good asset.
If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d absolutely
love to write some content for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine.
Please blast me an email if interested. Kudos!
First of all I would like to say excellent blog!
I had a quick question that I’d like to ask if you don’t mind.
I was curious to know how you center yourself and clear
your mind prior to writing. I’ve had a hard time clearing my thoughts in getting
my thoughts out. I do take pleasure in writing however it just seems like the first 10 to 15 minutes are wasted simply just trying
to figure out how to begin. Any ideas or hints? Many thanks!
Nice weblog right here! Also your web site quite a bit up fast!
What host are you using? Can I am getting your
associate link to your host? I desire my site loaded
up as fast as yours lol
Do you have any video of that? I’d want to find out more details.
Very nice blog post. I absolutely love this site.
Keep it up!
You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this matter
to be really something that I think I would never understand.
It seems too complex and extremely broad for me.
I am looking forward for your next post, I’ll try to get the hang of it!
Generally I do not learn post on blogs, however I wish to say
that this write-up very pressured me to try and do it!
Your writing style has been surprised me. Thanks,
very nice article.
Excellent beat ! I wish to apprentice while you amend your site, how can i
subscribe for a blog web site? The account aided me a acceptable deal.
I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast provided bright clear idea
Can you tell us more about this? I’d want to find out some additional information.
You need to be a part of a contest for one of the most useful sites on the web.
I’m going to highly recommend this web site!
Heya i am for the first time here. I came across this board and I find It truly useful &
it helped me out much. I hope to give something back and aid others like
you aided me.
Way cool! Some extremely valid points! I appreciate you writing this article and also
the rest of the site is really good.
What’s up, its fastidious post on the topic of media print, we all be aware of media
is a impressive source of information.
Hello, i believe that i saw you visited my website thus i got here to
return the desire?.I am trying to find things to improve my site!I guess its good enough to
use some of your concepts!!
It’s nearly impossible to find knowledgeable people about this subject, however,
you seem like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
I believe that is one of the such a lot vital info for me.
And i’m happy studying your article. However
wanna observation on few common issues, The web site taste
is wonderful, the articles is in point of fact
nice : D. Just right activity, cheers
Excellent beat ! I wish to apprentice while you amend your
site, how can i subscribe for a blog site? The account helped me
a appropriate deal. I had been a little bit acquainted of
this your broadcast provided vibrant clear idea
Having read this I thought it was rather enlightening.
I appreciate you finding the time and effort to put this informative article together.
I once again find myself personally spending a lot of time both reading and leaving comments.
But so what, it was still worthwhile!
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation but I in finding
this topic to be actually one thing that I feel I would never understand.
It kind of feels too complex and extremely vast
for me. I am looking ahead to your next publish, I will attempt to get the hang of it!
Thanks to my father who shared with me regarding this blog,
this blog is really amazing.
I was recommended this website by my cousin. I’m not sure whether this post is written by him as no
one else know such detailed about my trouble.
You are wonderful! Thanks!
This is a topic which is near to my heart… Thank you!
Exactly where are your contact details though?
magnificent post, very informative. I wonder why the opposite specialists of this sector do not notice
this. You should continue your writing. I’m confident, you’ve a great readers’ base already!
I was recommended this web site by my cousin. I am not sure
whether this post is written by him as nobody else know such detailed about my difficulty.
You’re amazing! Thanks!
You need to take part in a contest for one of the greatest blogs online.
I most certainly will recommend this site!
all the time i used to read smaller content which also clear their motive, and that is also happening with this piece of writing which I am reading at this place.
I do not even understand how I stopped up right here,
however I assumed this publish used to be great. I don’t understand who you might
be but definitely you’re going to a well-known blogger if you are not already.
Cheers!
I believe what you posted made a bunch of sense.
But, think about this, what if you wrote a catchier title?
I am not saying your content isn’t solid, but what if you added a headline that grabbed a person’s attention? I mean 自然资源成十亿穷人救命稻草 灾难光明一线之间
真实世界 is kinda vanilla. You should glance at Yahoo’s home page and see how they write
article headlines to get viewers interested. You might add
a related video or a related pic or two to get readers interested about everything’ve got to say.
In my opinion, it could make your blog a little livelier.
Link exchange is nothing else but it is simply placing the other person’s blog
link on your page at suitable place and other person will
also do similar in favor of you.
Hey! Someone in my Myspace group shared this
site with us so I came to take a look. I’m definitely loving the information. I’m book-marking and will be tweeting this to my followers!
Superb blog and great style and design.
I do not know whether it’s just me or if everyone else experiencing issues with your blog.
It appears as though some of the written text in your content are running off the screen. Can someone else please provide feedback
and let me know if this is happening to them too?
This might be a issue with my web browser
because I’ve had this happen before. Thanks
It’s an remarkable paragraph designed for all the online viewers;
they will take advantage from it I am sure.
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this matter to be
really something which I think I would never understand.
It seems too complex and very broad for me. I am looking forward for your
next post, I’ll try to get the hang of it!
I do not even know the way I stopped up right here, however I thought this post
was once great. I do not recognize who you are however definitely you are going to a famous blogger
if you happen to aren’t already. Cheers!
I’m no longer sure where you are getting your information,
but good topic. I needs to spend some time finding out much more or figuring out more.
Thank you for wonderful information I was searching for this information for my mission.
This post is worth everyone’s attention. When can I find
out more?
Thanks for the auspicious writeup. It in truth was a
entertainment account it. Glance complicated
to more introduced agreeable from you! By the way, how can we keep up a correspondence?
Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to mention that I’ve truly enjoyed surfing around your blog posts.
After all I’ll be subscribing for your feed and I hope you write again very soon!
Thank you for the auspicious writeup. It in fact was a
amusement account it. Look advanced to far added
agreeable from you! However, how could we communicate?
I was able to find good information from your blog posts.
Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is an extremely well written article.
I will be sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your useful info.
Thanks for the post. I’ll definitely return.
bookmarked!!, I love your site!
My coder is trying to convince me to move to .net from PHP.
I have always disliked the idea because of the costs. But he’s tryiong none the less.
I’ve been using WordPress on a variety of websites for about a year and am nervous about switching to another platform.
I have heard good things about blogengine.net.
Is there a way I can transfer all my wordpress content into it?
Any kind of help would be really appreciated!
Hi, I do think this is a great blog. I stumbledupon it I’m going to come back yet again since I bookmarked it.
Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich and continue to
guide other people.
Undeniably imagine that that you stated. Your favourite reason seemed to
be at the internet the simplest factor to consider of.
I say to you, I certainly get annoyed at the same time as other folks think about concerns that they plainly don’t understand
about. You controlled to hit the nail upon the highest and defined out
the whole thing without having side effect , folks can take a signal.
Will probably be back to get more. Thanks
Hello, I believe your site might be having internet browser compatibility
issues. When I take a look at your site in Safari, it looks fine however, if opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping issues.
I just wanted to give you a quick heads up!
Apart from that, wonderful site!
Every weekend i used to pay a visit this web page, because i wish
for enjoyment, since this this web site conations genuinely
pleasant funny data too.
It’s amazing in support of me to have a web page, which is good for my knowledge.
thanks admin
hello there and thank you for your info – I’ve certainly
picked up anything new from right here. I did however expertise
some technical issues using this website, as I experienced to reload the site lots of times previous to I
could get it to load correctly. I had been wondering if your web host is
OK? Not that I am complaining, but sluggish loading instances times
will very frequently affect your placement in google and could
damage your high quality score if advertising and marketing with Adwords.
Well I’m adding this RSS to my e-mail and can look out for
much more of your respective fascinating content.
Make sure you update this again very soon.
Hello would you mind stating which blog platform you’re using?
I’m going to start my own blog soon but I’m having a tough time selecting between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal.
The reason I ask is because your design and style seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for something unique.
P.S Apologies for getting off-topic but I had to ask!
Wow, this piece of writing is good, my younger sister is analyzing
such things, so I am going to inform her.
Hi, Neat post. There’s a problem together with your
website in web explorer, may check this? IE nonetheless is
the market leader and a good section of other people will leave out your great writing due to this problem.
Whoa! This blog looks exactly like my old one! It’s on a totally different
subject but it has pretty much the same page layout and design. Great choice of colors!
Hi there I am so excited I found your blog, I
really found you by accident, while I was browsing on Bing for
something else, Regardless I am here now and would just
like to say thanks a lot for a fantastic post and a all round
thrilling blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t
have time to read it all at the moment but I have
bookmarked it and also added in your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a lot more, Please do keep up
the superb b.
obviously like your web-site however you have to take a look at the spelling on several of your posts.
A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I to
find it very troublesome to tell the reality nevertheless I will certainly come again again.
Greetings! Very helpful advice within this
article! It is the little changes that produce
the most significant changes. Thanks a lot for sharing!
Pretty section of content. I just stumbled upon your weblog and
in accession capital to assert that I get actually enjoyed account your
blog posts. Any way I’ll be subscribing to your augment and even I achievement you access consistently quickly.
Howdy! I’m at work surfing around your blog from my new iphone 3gs!
Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to
all your posts! Carry on the outstanding work!
Right here is the perfect website for everyone who wishes to find out about this topic.
You realize so much its almost hard to argue with you (not
that I personally will need to…HaHa). You certainly
put a brand new spin on a topic that has been discussed
for a long time. Wonderful stuff, just wonderful!
I do believe all the ideas you have offered in your post.
They’re very convincing and will definitely work. Nonetheless, the posts are very brief for newbies.
Could you please extend them a bit from next time?
Thank you for the post.
I don’t even know how I stopped up right here,
but I assumed this submit used to be great. I do not recognize who you are but certainly you are going to a well-known blogger when you
are not already. Cheers!
I know this web page presents quality dependent content and
additional stuff, is there any other web page which presents
these kinds of information in quality?
If you wish for to grow your know-how just keep visiting this web site and be updated with the hottest news update posted here.
Hello there, I do think your website may be having web browser compatibility
problems. Whenever I take a look at your web site in Safari,
it looks fine but when opening in I.E., it’s got some overlapping issues.
I just wanted to provide you with a quick heads up!
Apart from that, fantastic blog!
I was suggested this web site by my cousin. I am not sure
whether this post is written by him as no one else know
such detailed about my trouble. You’re incredible!
Thanks!
I think that everything typed was actually very logical.
However, what about this? suppose you composed a
catchier post title? I ain’t suggesting your content isn’t good, however what if
you added something to maybe get folk’s attention? I mean 自然资源成十亿穷人救命稻草 灾难光明一线之间 真实世界 is kinda boring.
You might glance at Yahoo’s front page and note how they write post headlines to get viewers to open the links.
You might add a video or a related picture or two to grab readers interested
about what you’ve written. Just my opinion, it might bring your posts
a little bit more interesting.
What’s up, its pleasant paragraph about media print, we all be familiar with media is a enormous source of facts.
Hello to all, how is all, I think every one is getting more from this site, and your views are nice designed for new people.
Wonderful blog you have here but I was wondering if you knew of any discussion boards that cover the
same topics talked about here? I’d really love to be a part of
group where I can get advice from other experienced
people that share the same interest. If you have any recommendations, please let me know.
Appreciate it!
What’s up, after reading this remarkable paragraph i am too glad to share my knowledge here with colleagues.
Independance Immobilière – Agence Dakar Sénégal
Av. Fadiga, Immeuble Lahad Mbacké
BP 2975 Dakar
+221 33 823 39 30
Agence Immobilière Dakar
Normally I do not read post on blogs, however I would like to say that this write-up very compelled me to try
and do so! Your writing taste has been surprised
me. Thanks, quite great article.
Taxi moto line
128 Rue la Boétie
75008 Paris
+33 6 51 612 712
Taxi moto paris
Whats up are using WordPress for your site platform?
I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started and create
my own. Do you require any coding knowledge to make your own blog?
Any help would be really appreciated!
It is the best time to make some plans for the long run and it is time to be happy.
I have read this post and if I could I desire to suggest you some interesting issues or suggestions.
Maybe you can write subsequent articles relating to this article.
I desire to read even more issues approximately it!
Hey there would you mind letting me know which web host you’re using?
I’ve loaded your blog in 3 completely different web browsers and I
must say this blog loads a lot faster then most. Can you suggest a good web hosting provider at a reasonable price?
Many thanks, I appreciate it!
This piece of writing will help the internet visitors for creating new blog or
even a blog from start to end.
Howdy, i read your blog from time to time and i own a similar one and i was
just curious if you get a lot of spam remarks?
If so how do you protect against it, any plugin or
anything you can suggest? I get so much lately it’s driving me crazy so any support is very much appreciated.
Do you mind if I quote a couple of your articles as long as
I provide credit and sources back to your webpage?
My blog site is in the very same area of interest as
yours and my visitors would truly benefit from a lot of the information you present here.
Please let me know if this alright with you. Many thanks!
Thanks for your personal marvelous posting! I really enjoyed reading it, you
happen to be a great author. I will be sure to bookmark your blog and will
often come back very soon. I want to encourage you to definitely
continue your great work, have a nice weekend!
戰憶.xn--1-eu0b88a.com
balance of nature
balance of nature
balance of nature
balance of nature
bylinewiki.com
balance of nature
Mohammad
Mohammad
balance of nature
oldschooldad.us
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Roger
Brandy
balance of nature
balance of nature
balance of nature
Jonelle
balance of nature
balance of nature
balance of nature
balance of nature
Tristan
balance of nature
vore.top
balance of nature
balance of nature
dsjcvip.com
balance of nature
balance of nature
instanteducator.com
balance of nature
grassrootsinpower.com
happydoggynews.com
balance of nature
Demetra
foro.ligacod.com
balance of nature
Salvador
mail.workoteca.com
Salvador
nex.education
Danelle
ajayl.com
Anna
Anna
Anna
Kelli
Garnet
share-ads.com
balance of nature
Garnet
Hwa
balance of nature
226100.com
terrazasweb.es
copexam.co.uk
Maddison
Jerald
balance of nature
balance of nature
bbs.onethingcloud.com
Edward
wiki.bangormakerspace.org
Roman
Roman
balance of nature
balance of nature
fablab243.org
Athena
Athena
balance of nature